A variance occurs when expenses such as revenue or labor are either more or less than what the company anticipated and budgeted for. Hospitality businesses such as hotels and restaurants can ...

Many finance teams treat variance analysis as a box-checking exercise: Set a threshold, flag the swing, move on. That’s why so many controllers spend days chasing noise while risks slip through. It’s ...

Every small business owner should have a budget that lays out the future course of the company's activities. A budget shows where the sales will come from and how the money will be spent, with the ...

The standard model for the analysis of variance is over-parameterized. The resulting identifiability problem is typically solved by placing linear constraints on the parameters. In the case of the ...

Part I: The analysis of variance in the case of models with fixed effects and independent observations of equal variance -- Point estimation -- Construction of confidence ellipsoids and tests in the ...