For gasoline to be burned in a Pontiac engine, three things need to occur. It must be atomized (broken into small particles), emulsified (mixed with air), and vaporized (changed into a rarefied form).

Direct-port electronic fuel-injection may be the ultimate fuel metering system, but unfortunately it is also by far the most expensive. Presently available systems are based on factory electronic fuel ...

The field of spray atomization and injector dynamics is pivotal to optimising combustion efficiency and minimising pollutant emissions across a range of industrial applications. This area of research ...